Computer Numerical Control or CNC machine is now an important part of manufacturing process. Industries and woodworkers, whether it is in small or large scale, would have CNC woodworking equipment to help them increase their production.

CNC machines are used to replace manual processes or work in coordination with existing manufacturing processes. CNC machines are programmed to follow or to perform certain operations. An example of a CNC machine used in woodworking is a CNC router.

Just like a typical CNC machine, the CNC wood router would use a computer software and a CNC controller. This would create a more accurate and precise design compared to those which are done manually. A CNC router would have three directions which are referred to as X, Y and Z axis. Since all of the axis work together, they can create better designs and shapes.

How does the CNC wood router works? It is controlled, as mentioned by the CNC controller and the computer software. This would direct the movements of the motor to produce the design or shape. The software would have the drawing or the format in 2D or 3D image, it would then be converted into a tool path code like the G-code. The codes which are converted by the computer software would then send or relay it to the CNC controller which would control the motors and drive systems.

The part of the CNC wood router which performs the actual cutting is called spindle. To classify the spindle, horse power (in English units) and watts (SI units) are used. Spindles rotate for about 8000 to 30,000 rpm or revolutions per minute. It could cut materials ranging from soft to hard materials like plastic and metals. It is controlled by the CNC controller.

The spindle is moved by the CNC linear drive system. It has the motor, bearing system and the linear screw assembly. There are two kinds of motors used in CNC wood router: the stepper and servo motors. Although they both offer good performance, their difference lies on the closed loop system. The servo motor sends signals back to the controller when the procedure is done, which is called the closed loop system. This system is not present on the stepper.

Another part of the CNC wood router is the cutting bed. This is where the material that would undergo cutting is placed and secured using bolts and clamps. There are different cutting bed designs, the most popular would be the T-slot and the vacuum table. The efficiency of the cutting bed would be based on what kinds of materials and cut are made. For example, T-slot cutting bed could hold different kinds and sizes of materials, but they are not ideal for speed cutting.

There are additional features which could be based on the models of the wood router. Some would have vacuum pump that would secure the materials routed, print-to-cut cameras which would ensure precision, and other high-end features which can increase productivity and quality.

The good thing with CNC woodworking equipment like the wood router is that it does not require much supervision once the machine and the process are already programmed. CNC wood routers could ensure uniformed and quality products, as long as the machine is properly regulated, maintained and operated.